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| c. 20 BC |
| | | Augustus Caesar puts a team of surveyors to work mapping the empire's 50,000 miles of roads, a task which will take them twenty years | |
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| c. 20 BC |
| | | Roman author Vitruvius writes De Architectura, now generally known as The Ten Books of Architecture | |
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| c. 20 BC |
| | | The Netherlands, or 'low countries' around the Rhine delta, enter history as the Roman province of Germania Inferior | |
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| 19 BC |
| | | Virgil dies just after completing the Aeneid, and imperial command from Augustus Caesar prevents his executor from destroying the epic | |
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| c. 10 BC |
| | | The period of stability achieved during the reign of Augustus Caesar has been given the name Pax Romana ('Roman peace') | |
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| 4 |
| | | After the death of two of his grandsons, the emperor Augustus formally adopts his stepson Tiberius as his successor | |
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| 4 |
| | | Augustus Caesar insists on Tiberius adopting as his successor Germanicus, a talented young member of the imperial family | |
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| 5 |
| | | Germanicus, designated eventual heir to the throne, marries Agrippina, granddaughter of the ruling emperor | |
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| 9 |
| | | The defeat of three Roman legions in the Teutoberg Forest by Arminius, establishes the Rhine as a natural boundary of the Roman empire | |
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| 14 |
| | | The death of Augustus introduces half a century of chaos, as the members of his family compete ruthlessly for power | |
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